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澳洲维多利亚论文代写:人格障碍

Keywords:澳洲维多利亚论文代写

顾名思义,人格障碍是一个植根于人格的问题。与其他一些心理障碍不同的是,一种人格障碍被看作是一个人内在的或内在的东西,而不是某件事情发生在他们身上的结果。其病因进行了分析,在相同的静脉的个性:遗传学,家庭同侪团体和随机生活事件。人格障碍正式定义的诊断和统计手册(DSM)。DSM-IV(APA,2000)列出了十种不同类型的人格障碍,可分为三类:奇/偏心,戏剧/情感/不稳定、焦虑/恐惧。这种类型的人格障碍一直被认为是有争议的,也许这是一个直接的失败的分类的实证基础上作出的结果。现在有一个大重量的实证证据表明这些分类人格不提供有效的或有用的划定的心理障碍。为了分析这一证据,两个人格障碍,边缘型人格障碍、偏执型人格障碍,在DSM-IV定义(APA,2000),作了简要的介绍,然后依据调查。 边缘型人格障碍的诊断标准(BPD)在DSM-IV描述为包括不稳定的人际关系,不稳定的自我形象和整体的显着不稳定。最明确的诊断标准之一是对遗弃的恐惧。本环节为BPD客户缺乏自我价值感。客户也可能遭受快速情绪波动,并可能往往是很难处理的治疗情况。像所有的人格障碍,BPD是非常难以治疗由于患者往往不会意识到或承认自己有问题。人们常常认为,特别是那些从认知行为的视角,认为BPD躺在童年时获得的核心信念的根源(Grant,2004)。核心信念被认为是“正常的”允许人们以平衡的方式看待世界和他们自己的必要的灵活性。一个人不断地受到一系列消极和积极的态度,对自我要求平衡。相反,那些与BPD可能从父母那里得到关于自己的负面消息,因此无法平衡的积极和消极的态度来自于周围的人。认知治疗将集中在帮助患者消除这些负面信念和事实上的负面信念,就必然有关于治疗过程中,治疗师(Beck & Freeman,1990)。

澳洲维多利亚论文代写:人格障碍

As its name suggests, a personality disorder is a problem rooted in personality. Unlike some other classes of psychological disorder, a personality disorder is seen as something inherent or internal in a person, rather than a result of something that has happened to them. As a result its aetiology is analysed in the same vein as that of personality: genetics, the family peer groups and random life events. Personality disorders are formally defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM). The DSM-IV (APA, 2000) lists ten different types of personality disorders, which fall into three clusters: odd/eccentric, dramatic/emotional/erratic and anxious/ fearful. This typology of personality disorders has long been considered controversial and perhaps this is a direct result of the failure of the classifications to be made on an empirical basis. There is now a large weight of empirical evidence that suggests these classifications of personality are not providing valid or even useful delineations of psychological disorders. In order to analyse this evidence, two personality disorders, borderline personality disorder and paranoid personality disorder, as defined within the DSM-IV (APA, 2000), will be briefly introduced and then the evidence surveyed.
The diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD) are described in the DSM-IV as including unstable interpersonal relationships, an unstable self-image and an overall marked instability. One of the clearest diagnostic criteria is a fear of abandonment. This links into the BPD client's lack of a sense of self-worth. The client may also suffer from rapid mood-swings and may often be very difficult to deal with in a therapeutic situation. Like all of the personality disorder, BPD is considered very difficult to treat because the sufferer will not often realise or acknowledge that they have a problem. It is often argued, especially by those working from a cognitive behavioural perspective, that the roots of BPD lie in core beliefs obtained during childhood (Grant, 2004). Core beliefs considered 'normal' allow people to view the world and themselves in a balanced way with the requisite flexibility. A person is continually subjected to a range of both negative and positive attitudes towards the self that require balancing. In contrast, those with BPD are likely to have obtained negative messages about themselves from their parents and consequently are unable to balance the positive and negative attitudes coming from people around them. Cognitive Therapy will concentrate on helping sufferers combat these negative belief and indeed the negative beliefs that they are bound to have about the process of therapy and the therapist (Beck & Freedman, 1990).

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